Online’s developers are always growing their skills and learning about new tools and technologies. Onliner Brian Woo recently published an article on GitHub outlining some of the applicable benefits of utilizing GoLang in a web-based API project; we are excited to share that post with you today!
Why is GoLang so popular for developers? What benefits does it provide to end-users?
GoLang is described by the developer community, and specifically on this blog from Pavan Belgatti, “..a very efficient language, just like C/C++, handling parallelisms like Java, and has easy code readability like Python and pearl. Golang has indisputable architectural advantages over its predecessors.”
Introduction
GoLang is a great programming language for building Web API projects. To demonstrate the power of GoLang, I wanted to build a sample Web API project which contains some of the commonly used features.
To get an idea of the features to be included in the project, I went back to one of the courses I previously took, Server-side Development with NodeJS, Express and MongoDB, offered by Coursera / Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. I decided to implement all the functionality taught in the course with GoLang and MySQL.
This article provides a number of examples on how these features can be implemented (Git Repo).
List of Examples:
- Implementing basic REST API
- Setting up database connection
- Implementing database CRUD functions
- Implementing database CRUD functions (with transaction)
- Implementing authentication and JSON Web Token (JWT)
- Setting up HTTPS (with HTTP redirection)
- Uploading / downloading files
- Setting up Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
- Implementing OAuth2 with Facebook as an alternative way to login
Dependencies:
go get github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter
go get -u github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
go get github.com/dgrijalva/jwt-go
go get golang.org/x/crypto
go get golang.org/x/oauth2
Startup MySQL:
docker-compose -f docker_compose.yaml up -d
Implementing Basic REST API
To start off, GoLang provides a router module in its stdlib, but I decided to use julienschmidt’s httprouter instead of GoLang’s built-in module. The reason is that julienschmidt’s httprouter provides a cleaner way to implement the routes.
Route Setup
Setting up routes is quite simple, we will need to setup three things: HTTP Method, a URL and a handler method.
With httprouter, in order to specify a Resource ID in the URL, we will need to add a colon before the variable (we have :dishId in this example).
func SetupRoutes(router *httprouter.Router) {
// dish
router.GET("/dishes/:dishId", getDish)
router.PUT("/dishes/:dishId", putDish)
router.POST("/dishes/:dishId", postDish)
router.DELETE("/dishes/:dishId", deleteDish)
// dishes
router.GET("/dishes", getDishes)
router.PUT("/dishes", putDishes)
router.POST("/dishes", postDishes)
router.DELETE("/dishes", deleteDishes)
}
A httprouter handler interface looks very much like GoLang’s http handler interface, except the httprouter handler takes an extra parameter ps (third param). To get the dishId resource ID, we can use the method ps.ByName().
func deleteDish(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
// The :dishId specified in the routing
dishId := ps.ByName("dishId")
dishIdInt, err := misc.GetInt64FromString(dishId)
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
return
}
status, err := deleteDishFromDb(dishIdInt)
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
statusJson, err := misc.GetJsonFromJsonObjs(status)
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
w.Write([]byte(statusJson))
}
Setting Up Database Connection
The database connection setup is database specific. The following example is for MySQL. You can get more information on mysql driver here.
var DbConn *sql.DB
func SetupDatabase(config config.Config) {
connString := config.GetConnString()
var err error
DbConn, err = sql.Open(config.DbDriver, connString)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
DbConn.SetMaxOpenConns(4)
DbConn.SetMaxIdleConns(4)
DbConn.SetConnMaxLifetime(60 * time.Second)
}
Implementing Database CRUD Functions
Here is an example of getting data from the database. The QueryRowContext() function takes a prepared statement and a list of values as parameters. After the query is done, the Scan() function extracts the values from the row result.
func getDishFromDb(dishId int64) (*Dish, error) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
defer cancel()
row := database.DbConn.QueryRowContext(ctx, `SELECT
id,
name,
image,
category,
label,
price,
CASE WHEN featured = 0 then 'false' ELSE 'true' END,
description,
createdAt,
updatedAt
FROM dish
WHERE id = ?`, dishId)
var dish Dish
err := row.Scan(&dish.ID,
&dish.Name,
&dish.Image,
&dish.Category,
&dish.Label,
&dish.Price,
&dish.Featured,
&dish.Description,
&dish.CreatedAt,
&dish.UpdatedAt)
if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
return nil, nil
} else if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &dish, nil
}
Implementing Database CRUD Functions (with transaction)
There are situations where we might need transaction support when doing multiple INSERTs. To insert a record with a transaction, we will need to use sql.Tx.ExecContext(), instead of sql.DB.ExecContext(). Fortunately, both ExecContext() functions have the same function signature and we can setup a function to return either ExecContext() function:
func getExecContextFunc(tx *sql.Tx) func(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
if tx != nil {
return func(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
return tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
}
} else {
return func(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
return database.DbConn.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
}
}
}
To avoid duplicating the insert logic, we can extract a shared logic in a separate function createFavoriteDishInDbInternal() to handle both transactional and non-transactional inserts.
func createFavoriteDishInDbInternal(tx *sql.Tx, ctx context.Context, userId, dishId int64) (*misc.Status, error) {
status := &misc.Status{NumOfRowsAffected: 0, IsOk: 0}
sqlInsert := `INSERT INTO favoriteDish(
userId,
dishId
)
VALUES (
?,?
)`
execContextFunc := getExecContextFunc(tx)
result, err := execContextFunc(ctx, sqlInsert, userId, dishId)
if err != nil {
return status, err
}
rowsInserted, _ := result.RowsAffected()
status.NumOfRowsAffected = rowsInserted
status.IsOk = 1
return status, nil
}
Implementing a transaction is relatively straightforward. It starts with BeginTx() to begin a transaction and tx.Commit() to commit. When needed, we can rollback the insert by calling tx.Rollback(). In the following example, we do not commit unless all records have been inserted successfully.
func createFavoriteDishesInDb(userId int64, favDishes favoriteDishes) (*misc.Status, error) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
defer cancel()
// we use transaction so we can commit atomicly (i.e. all or none)
tx, err := database.DbConn.BeginTx(ctx, nil)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
status := &misc.Status{NumOfRowsAffected: 0, IsOk: 0}
for _, favDish := range favDishes {
result, err := createFavoriteDishInDbInternal(tx, ctx, userId, favDish.ID)
if err != nil {
tx.Rollback()
status.NumOfRowsAffected = 0
return status, err
}
status.NumOfRowsAffected += result.NumOfRowsAffected
}
err = tx.Commit()
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
status.IsOk = 1
return status, nil
}
As for inserting only one single dish at a time, we can reuse the same logic without using transaction.
func createFavoriteDishInDb(userId, dishId int64) (*misc.Status, error) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
defer cancel()
return createFavoriteDishInDbInternal(nil, ctx, userId, dishId)
}
Implementing Authentication and JSON Web Token (JWT)
The dgrijalva/jwt-go provides a simple way to generate and validate JWTs. In this example, we will look at how to extract a JWT token, stored in the Authorization field in the header:
func GetJwtTokenFromRequest(r *http.Request) (string, error) {
// header is a string: KEY: Authorization VALUE: Bearer tokenstringInBase64
tokenInHeaderVal := strings.Split(r.Header.Get("Authorization"), "Bearer ")
if len(tokenInHeaderVal) != 2 {
return "", fmt.Errorf("Malformed token")
}
return tokenInHeaderVal[1], nil
}
The jwt-go module can also parse the JWT and extract the claims. The claims (aka the payload) is usually used to store information such as a User’s ID or name. However, do not include sensitive information like a password as the claims can be extracted by anyone (via jwt.io):
You can find out more about JWT from this article.
Validating JWTs
The claims can be extracted using the function jwt.ParseWithClaims(). The function returns the JWT token which can be validated by looking at the token.Valid attribute.
func validateToken(jwtToken string) (claims, bool) {
claims := &claims{}
token, err := jwt.ParseWithClaims(jwtToken, claims, func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
return []byte(jwtKey), nil
})
if err != nil {
return *claims, false
}
if !token.Valid {
return *claims, false
}
return *claims, true
}
To put this all together, the verifyUser() function acts as a middleware function. This middleware function validates the user and if the user has a valid token, the next() function will be called along with claims. This next() function is the auth.VerifyAdmin() function as shown below.
func VerifyUser(next httprouter.Handle) httprouter.Handle {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
token, err := GetJwtTokenFromRequest(r)
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusUnauthorized), http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
claims, ok := validateToken(token)
if !ok {
http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusUnauthorized), http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
// store the claims in the request as a context obj
r = r.WithContext(context.WithValue(r.Context(), "claims", claims))
next(w, r, ps)
}
}
Middleware functions are usually chained together for validation. For example, we can chain Cors() –> VerifyUser() –> VerifyAdmin() together and execute them sequentially before calling putPromotions(). If VerifyUser() fails, the function will return an error to the consumer. VerifyAdmin() and putPromotions() will NOT be executed.
router.PUT("/promotions", cors.Cors(auth.VerifyUser(auth.VerifyAdmin(putPromotions))))
Generating JWTs
The jwt-go module also provides a convenient way of generating JWTs. The information stored inside the Claims can be defined as a struct, along with the jwt.StandardClaims which includes an expiry time. A new JWT token can be generated by calling the jwt.NewWithClaims() function.
type claims struct {
UserId string `json:"_id"`
Admin bool `json:"admin"`
jwt.StandardClaims
}
func (claims *claims) generateTokenStringForUser() (string, error) {
expirationTime := time.Now().Add(24 * time.Hour)
// Create the JWT claims, which includes the username and expiry time
claims.StandardClaims = jwt.StandardClaims{
// In JWT, the expiry time is expressed as unix milliseconds
ExpiresAt: expirationTime.Unix(),
}
token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)
tokenString, err := token.SignedString([]byte(jwtKey))
return tokenString, err
}
Setting up HTTPS (with HTTP Redirection)
In this project, we expose both HTTP (port 3000) and HTTPS (port 3443) to the consumers. To make it more secure, we can redirect an incoming HTTP connection to HTTPS to ensure the communication is secure.
func listenOnInsecurePortAndRedirect() {
log.Println("Server starting. Listening on " + serverListenPort)
// redirect every http request to https
go http.ListenAndServe(serverListenPort, http.HandlerFunc(redirectToSecurePort))
}
func listenOnSecurePort(router *httprouter.Router) {
log.Println("Server starting. Listening on " + serverListenSslPort)
// start server on https port
server := http.Server{
Addr: serverListenSslPort,
Handler: router,
TLSConfig: &tls.Config{
NextProtos: []string{"h2", "http/1.1"},
},
}
certFilePath, _ := filepath.Abs(certPath)
keyFilePath, _ := filepath.Abs(keyPath)
err := server.ListenAndServeTLS(certFilePath, keyFilePath)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
Uploading / Downloading Files
File upload and download are functionality commonly used on a web server. The following examples are to illustrate how to implement these features using GoLang.
Uploading a File
In this example, we have a handler which can save an uploaded file to disk. Please note that handler.Filename should be sanitized before passing to filepath.Join() to prevent malicious attacks.
func postImageUpload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
r.ParseMultipartForm(5 * 1024 * 1024) // 5MB
file, handler, err := r.FormFile(fileUploadFormFileKey)
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
return
}
defer file.Close()
// Create an empty file on filesystem
f, err := os.OpenFile(filepath.Join(imageDirectory, handler.Filename), os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0666)
defer f.Close()
// Copy the file to the images directory
io.Copy(f, file)
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
uploadResult := UploadResult{
FieldName: fileUploadFormFileKey,
OriginalName: handler.Filename,
Encoding: handler.Header.Get("Encoding"),
MimeType: handler.Header.Get("Content-Type"),
Destination: imageDirectory,
Filename: handler.Filename,
Path: imageDirectory + "/" + handler.Filename,
Size: handler.Size}
resultJson, _ := misc.GetJsonFromJsonObjs(uploadResult)
w.Write(resultJson)
}
Downloading a File
Similarly, we have the getImage() function to handle image file downloads from the filesystem. Again, please note that filename should be sanitized before passing to filepath.Join() to prevent malicious attacks.
func getImage(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
fileName := ps.ByName("imageName")
file, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(imageDirectory, fileName))
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotFound)
return
}
defer file.Close()
// Get Content-type of the file
fHeader := make([]byte, 512)
file.Read(fHeader)
fContentType := http.DetectContentType(fHeader)
// get file size
stat, err := file.Stat()
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
fSize := strconv.FormatInt(stat.Size(), 10)
// include the following line if you want to download the image
// w.Header().Set("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename="+fileName)
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", fContentType)
w.Header().Set("Content-Length", fSize)
file.Seek(0, 0)
io.Copy(w, file)
}
Setting up Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
As for implementing CORS, the httprouter provides a convenient option to handle HTTP OPTIONS requests. router.GlobalOPTIONS can be setup as a default handler for handling preflight requests to the webservice.
func setupDefaultHttpOptions(router *httprouter.Router) {
router.GlobalOPTIONS = http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
wHeader := w.Header()
addAccessControlsToHeader(r.Header, wHeader)
// Adjust status code to 204
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
})
}
func addAccessControlsToHeader(rHeader http.Header, wHeader http.Header) {
// Set Access-Control-Allow-Origin if the origin is in our allowedOrigins list
origin := rHeader.Get("Origin")
if origin != "" {
_, ok := allowedOrigins[origin]
if ok {
wHeader.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", origin)
}
}
wHeader.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Credentials", "true")
wHeader.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type, Content-Length, Accept-Encoding, X-CSRF-Token, Authorization, Accept, Origin, Cache-Control, X-Requested-With")
wHeader.Add("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS")
}
Similarly, the Cors() function can be setup as a middleware method to handle PUT, POST & DELETE requests.
func Cors(next httprouter.Handle) httprouter.Handle {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
wHeader := w.Header()
addAccessControlsToHeader(r.Header, wHeader)
next(w, r, ps)
}
}
Implementing OAuth2 with Facebook as an Alternative Way to Login
These days, one of the popular ways to login is via your social media accounts. In this project, we have also explored this option to allow users to login with their regular username and password or Facebook login as an alternative. In order to login via Facebook, we will have to use Facebook’s OAuth2. Fortunately, GoLang provides that functionality.
To use Facebook’s OAuth2, we will first need to setup an app (instructions) through the Facebook Developer Portal.
A regular OAuth2 Facebook Login workflow would involve a client logging in to Facebook, upon a successful login, an access token will be returned from Facebook (workflow illustration). Since there is no web client, I have created a login endpoint and a callback endpoint to receive the access token from Facebook.
As a security precaution, it is recommended to setup a random character string in the login request and to validate that string in the callback. We can accomplish that with a state cookie.
var facebookConfig *oauth2.Config
func loginFacebook(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
oauthState := generateStateOauthCookie(w)
url := facebookConfig.AuthCodeURL(oauthState)
http.Redirect(w, r, url, http.StatusTemporaryRedirect)
}
func facebookLoginCallback(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
// Read oauthState from Cookie
stateOauthCookie, err := r.Cookie("oauthstate")
if err != nil {
fmt.Println("Cannot get state token", err)
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
if stateOauthCookie != nil && r.FormValue("state") != stateOauthCookie.Value {
log.Println("invalid OAuth state")
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
token, err := facebookConfig.Exchange(oauth2.NoContext, r.FormValue("code"))
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("facebookConfig.Exchange() failed with '%s'\n", err)
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
fmt.Println("Facebook Access Token:", token.AccessToken)
}
Once we get an access token from Facebook, we can simulate a login session from a Facebook user. With this token, we have the ability to access the user’s Facebook profile. In our example, we access the user’s Facebook profile and if this user is not found in our database, we create a new local user account with his Facebook ID; otherwise, we validate the user’s Facebook ID in our database and return a new JWT token.
func loginWithFacebookToken(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, ps httprouter.Params) {
accessToken, err := getAccessToken(r, ps)
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
resp, err := http.Get(
"https://graph.facebook.com/me?fields=id,name,first_name,last_name,email&access_token=" +
url.QueryEscape(accessToken))
if resp.StatusCode >= http.StatusBadRequest {
fmt.Println("Unable to login to Facebook")
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Facebook Graph API error: %s\n", err)
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
facebookUserInfo, err := getFacebookUserInfoFromBody(resp.Body)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("ReadAll: %s\n", err)
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
userInfo, err := findUserByFacebookIdCreateIfNotFound(facebookUserInfo)
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
loginResult := auth.GetLoginResult(userInfo.ID, userInfo.Admin, true)
resultJson, _ := misc.GetJsonFromJsonObjs(loginResult)
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
// return jwt token
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
w.Write(resultJson)
}
func findUserByFacebookIdCreateIfNotFound(facebookUserInfo FacebookUserInfo) (*auth.UserInfo, error) {
userInfo, err := getFacebookUserFromDb(facebookUserInfo.ID)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
} else if userInfo == nil {
_, ok := createUserInDb(facebookUserInfo)
if !ok {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unable to create user")
}
userInfo, _ = getFacebookUserFromDb(facebookUserInfo.ID)
}
return userInfo, nil
}
Conclusion
GoLang is a powerful programming language to create a Web API and there are a number of helpful modules which make building a project much easier.
In this project, I have demonstrated how quickly it is to build a Web API with some of the commonly used features in GoLang.
If you have any questions for Brian, be sure to post a comment below!
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